White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars

By Jonathan K. Gardner

Associates Applied Science/Self Educated

September 1, 2021

(modified 9/5/2021 added )

Revised 9/29/21

12/12/2021 Added Artwork and text explanation

12/15/2021 Added citation for white dwarf explosions

12/16/2021 Relocated weak force to positive energy

12/19/2021 Added collapsed neutron action clarification

12/28//2021 Added "Dark Energy" reference. Proton conversion. Protoneutrenic clarification.

1/2/2022 Added Radial Velocity, Strong and Weak Force action clarifications.

1/6/2022 Added Centrifugal Force to Radial Velocity for light speed matter

1/7/2022 Added Quark refinements

3/2/2022 Speculation of Merger of White Dwarfs

This hypothesis/model was derived using a thought experiment using the Atomic Theory of Matter, Galilean Cannon theory of collapsing supermassive objects, Newton's Laws of Motion, General Relatively, Quantum Theory, White Dwarf and Neutron Star observational information.

Negative Energy - Electromagnetism, Strong Force

Positive Energy - Protons/Neutrons (Quarks). Dark Matter. Weak Force.

Matter - The coupling of positive and negative energy to sustain the existence of both.

If the space within single atom expands in the emptiness of space, it is surely compressed smaller under pressure. Under extreme conditions, perhaps even so far as to approach and disturb the core. The strong nuclear force is 137x as strong as electromagnetism. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction)

In regards to the formation of these objects and classification as "Supermassive atoms," all individual atomic mass accounted for in these objects is mathematically interchanged as a single object. All atoms present in the creation of these objects rearrange their individual nature into a collective gigantic one.

White Dwarf

When a gigantic amount of matter comes together, but not so much so quickly it would form a Neutron Star, Black Hole or completely explode, a White Dwarf is born. As the entire formation spirals inward, single atoms begin merging into a Supermassive one, because the fusion process is massively accelerated and altered in the implosion. All resent atoms will be fusing in an area simultaneously and still be collapsing together. The mass of all present atoms within the core move towards center, with electron field remaining on the outside, in a form of Superfusion. This is due to the collapse of atomic spacing, overwhelming the bonding nuclear forces (strong force) with the presence of electron field in the cores of all locally fusing atoms.

When the nuclear forces that bind protons and neutrons and drives the fusion process are overwhelmed by the presence of electromagnetism disturbing the atomic nucleus, their forces are altered, adding strong force to electromagnetism while weak force continues to work in the core. The strong force holding together individual protons and neutrons is inverted at this point. Breaking the bonds of protons and neutrons destroys the individuality of matter and allows for the building of a Supermassive Atom held together by gravity. When the Supermassive Atom reaches a critical mass and/or sufficient nuclear forces are inverted and/or added to electromagnetism, it achieves a level of Galilean cannon bottom out. If there is not enough matter collapsing inward it explodes in a Supernova leaving behind a White Dwarf. (After further research, the concept of White Dwarf merger must be recognized. While speculated, it may be possible, but actually observing it would clarify some questions I have based on what follows.) A White Dwarf is highly unstable and requires being completely enveloped by matter to be forged into a neutron star. They "pop" if not totally overwhelmed, as enough matter added to one place displaces the core only partially, destabilizing the entire thing. Exploding white dwarfs have been compared to atomic explosions here on earth. A giant atom is "splitting."

https://www.space.com/white-dwarf-supernovas-explode-like-nuclear-weapons

Neutron Star

If the crushing forces of the remaining matter are still overwhelming, the space between the atomic mass and strong force bolstered electron field of the White Dwarf/Supermassive Atom is drastically reduced and eliminated, causing another phase of reordering of matter. The protons and neutrons of the core are overwhelmed by the strong force bolstered electromagnetic interaction of the collapse of this mass of matter. Because energy cannot be created or destroyed, as the electron field approaches the core, it begins occupying space within it, forcing the neutrally charged neutrons (and newly created ones) outward to make room for the electron field. The proton portion is now located in the center, with strong force bolstered electron field enveloping it, forcing the neutrons outward (likely individual quarks), combating the gravity like electromagnetic springs, causing another phase of Galilean cannon bottom out.

(If even more matter is present, this will force the outside neutron shell inward, squeezing in the electron field, which forces proton core outward likely converting it to neutron (basic quarks) and completely isolates the negative energy (Em, Strong Force), creating an entirely new Universe within the collapsing Black Hole via the Law of Conservation of Energy. This theory is located at Perpetualism.net titled "Creation of a Universe".

Protoneutrenic Shell - Likely entirely disassembled Neutrons (quarks) according to particle and nuclear theory. Termed to describe what is once was. Requires renaming.

Radial Velocity and Centrifugal Force is the cause of rotation turning into angular momentum. As the turning object collapses, its radius is changing. This action allows for matter to gain the required boost to achieve light speed, creating a black hole distortion.

So the Perpetualistic view of a Neutron star is that it is a Supermassive Atom that has had its atomic structure re-ordered. Neutrons on the outside, drawn inward by gravity, but repelled by electromagnetism bolstered by inverted strong force supported by a proton core. As they add mass, they start to squeeze inward. This places even more internal stresses on the electron field and proton core, causing the powerful magnetic field of the Magnetar.

Lastly, Neutron stars do not produce any new heat, just like a single atom.

(Per question from @claudedivad on Tiktok) The action depicted by the collapsed neutron star may be omni-directional if black holes are found to be spherical or otherwise could have polar vortices. (It is most probably Uni rotational. See "Dark Energy" This explains the polar ejection of matter in Black holes)

This all can occur at in one collapse if the right amount of matter is present.

White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars © 2021 by Jonathan K Gardner is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0